音频科普：在手术室模拟灵长类动物中的冲突

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 By analyzing 200 surgeries, anthropologists found mixed-gender operating room teams exhibited the highest levels of cooperation. Christopher Intagliata reports.

通过对200例手术案例的分析，人类学家发现男女混合手术室团队的合作程度最高。克里斯托弗·因塔利亚塔报道。

撰文\播音：克里斯托弗·因塔利亚塔（Christopher Intagliata）

翻译：邱燕宁

审校：张清越

When primatologists observe chimpanzees, they take note of activities like fighting, playing, touching, and grooming. And it turns out you can learn a lot about humans—we are primates, after all—by observing the same behaviors in us. 

灵长类动物学家观察黑猩猩时，会注意到它们打架、玩耍、触摸和梳理毛发等活动。事实证明，通过观察人类的相同行为，你也可以对人类有很多了解——毕竟我们也是灵长类动物。

"Not grooming, but you know, who was nice to who, who complimented who, who talked to who, who flirted with who, all those kinds of things." Laura Jones, an anthropologist at Emory University and Kaiser Permanente. 

“不是指梳理毛发行为，但你知道，谁对谁好，谁称赞谁，谁和谁说话，谁和谁调情，诸如此类的事情。”劳拉·琼斯，埃默里大学(Emory University)和凯撒医疗机构(Kaiser Permanente)的人类学家说。

The primates her team studied were surgeons, nurses, anesthesiologists and other staff at three U.S. hospitals. The researchers observed 200 surgeries, while logging behaviors like cursing and cowering, stomping or head shaking, joking and singing, complimenting or flirting.

她的团队研究的灵长类动物是美国三家医院的外科医生、护士、麻醉师和其他工作人员。研究人员观察了200例手术，同时记录了诸如咒骂和畏缩、跺脚或摇头、开玩笑和唱歌、赞美或调情等行为。

And they found that conflict in the OR surged when male surgeons' teams were mostly male; or when female surgeons were with mostly female teams. "It would be a no-brainer if we found that all females were cooperative, but that's not what we found."

他们发现，当男主刀医生的治疗团队大多为男性时，或者女主刀的治疗团队大多是女性时，手术室里的冲突就会激增。“如果我们发现所有的女性都有合作精神，那就再简单不过了，但事实并非如此。”

Instead, the highest levels of cooperation occurred when a female surgeon had a male surgical team, and vice versa—perhaps, Jones says, because those mixed teams avoided male–male or female–female conflict.

相反，最高水平的合作发生在女主刀携男性治疗团队，或完全相反时——Jones说，也许，因为这些混合的团队避免了男性-男性和女性-女性的冲突。

In fact previous studies in primates--both human and non-human--have shown that competition is strongest between individuals of the same gender. The surgery findings are in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [Laura K. Jones et al., Ethological observations of social behavior in the operating room]

事实上，先前对灵长类动物的研究——无论是人类还是非人类——都表明，同性个体之间的竞争最为激烈。这些结果发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上。

"I would say the most practical thing to do at this point would be using this to affect training. And of course encourage people, both men and women, to go into all the disciplines, because right now they're heavily gendered." Perhaps by diversifying the operating room we can leave chest-beating behaviors at the door. 

“我想说，在这一点上最实际的应用就是用它来影响训练。当然，也要鼓励人们，无论是男性还是女性，参与所有的学科领域的工作，因为目前领域里性别单一性很严重。”也许通过丰富手术室里的性别组成，我们可以把暴力行为留在手术室外。

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